Effect of different solvent extracted samples from the leaves and fruits of Datura stramonium on the growth of bacteria and fungi

Different solvent extracted samples from the leaves and fruits tissues of D. stramonium were tested against five pathogenic microorganisms by disc diffusion susceptibility method using 1, 2 and 3mg disc-1 concentrations. Methanol and chloroform extracted fractions from both leaves and fruits measured good growth inhibition of all the tested microorganisms at all concentrations. Bacillus subtilis was very resistant to n-butanol and aqueous extracted fractions of fruits tissues at all the tested three concentrations. The growths of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pnuemonia were efficiently reduced by all the solvent extracted fractions from the fruits while aqueous fraction was unable to restrain the growth of Bacillus subtilis. The growth of Candida albicans was effectively reduced by aqueous extracted fraction from the leaves tissue at the highest concentration. Maximum growth reduction of [77%] was shown by chloroform extracted fractions from the leaves against Klebsiella pneumonia at 3mg disc-1 concentration. Minimum zone of inhibition [35.4%] was measured by n-butanol extracted fractions from the leaves against Pseudomonas aeruginosa at the lowest concentrations of 1mg disc-1. In case of leaves the most vulnerable bacteria was Bacillus subtilis while in case of fruits Klebsiella pneumonia was the most susceptible while Bacillus subtilis was the most resistant one

Phytochemical screening and antibacterial activity of different solvent extracted samples of Arisaema jacquemontii

The current research was carried out to assess the antibacterial activities and phytochemical analysis of the methanol, n-hexane, ethyl acetate, n-butanol soluble fractions and aqueous extracts of the tubers of Arisaema jacquemontii. All the extracts were tested for their antibacterial potential at 1, 2 and 3 mg disc-1 concentrations against 6 bacterial strains through disc diffusion suseptibility assay. The data suggested that different extracts showed varying degree of growth inhibition against the tested microbes. Statistical analysis revealed that n-hexane and ethyl acetate soluble fractions significantly inhibited the growth of all the bacterial strains at the tested concentrations. Moderate activities were recorded for n-butanol and methanolic extracted samples at different concentrations against all the tested strains of bacteria. P. aeruginosa, S. aureus and X. campestris showed resistance to all the tested concentrations of the aqueous extract. B. subtilis and K. pneumoniae were resistant at 1 and 2 mg disc-1 concentrations of the aqueous extract and 3 mg disc-1 of the same extract reduced the growth of the same bacteria. Phytochemical analysis of the different solvent extracted samples suggested the presence or absence of various metabolites including alkaloids, saponins, tannins, sterols, flavonoids, protein, carbohydrates and fats

Green synthesis and characterization of silver nano-particles from pharmaceutically important Periploca hydaspidis and their biological activity

The present study describes the synthesis, characterization of nano-particles from Periploca hyaspidis and their in vitro biological activity. The synthesis of AgNPs was confirmed by UV-Vis spectrophotometer and structure by atomic force microscope. The crystallite size and different functional groups was determined by X-ray diffraction and Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy. Anti-microbial and anti-oxidant activity was carried out by disc diffusion and DPPH radical scavenging protocol respectively. Silver nano-particles [AgNPs] were synthesized by mixing 1mM AgNO3 solutions with plant boiled extract in 1:9. The color change from yellow to dark brown indicated the synthesis of the nano-particles. The AgNPs were more stable at 25 degree C to 45 degree C, 1mM concentration of the salt and neutral to slightly basic pH. The results revealed that aromatic amines were responsible for the synthesis of AgNPs. The crystallite size was 7.50 nm, cubic and in nanorgime. AgNPs showed good anti-oxidant activity and was effective against K. pnemoniae, E. coli, X. compestris, C. albicans and P. chrysogenum

Phytochemical analysis, phytotoxic and insecticidal activities of medicinally important periploca hydaspidis

The present study investigates the phyto-chemical analysis, phytotoxic activity and insecticidal activity of the stem and root tissues of medicinally important Periploca hydaspidis. All the extracted samples exhibited the phytotoxic activity. The data confirmed that water was the best solvent to extract the phytotoxic compounds from stem and root tissues. Roots extracted with different solvents exhibited better phytotoxic potential than samples obtained from the stem tissues. Samples extracted in methanol and water from both stems and roots tissues were active against the subject insects while hexane, ethyl acetate and butanol extracted samples in both parts exhibited no insecticidal activity. Water extracted samples of the stem and root exhibited better insecticidal activity compared with methanol extracted samples. Tribolium castaneum and Rhizopertha dominica were more sensitive in both the cases than Callosobruchus maculates. The plant contained alkaloids, flavonoids, carbohydrate, proteins and saponins

Antinociceptive, antimicrobial potential and phytochemical screening of different solvent extracted samples from the stem of Acer pentapomicum

The present study investigates the antinociceptive, antimicrobial activity and phytochemical assessment of samples from A. pentapomicum. Different microbes were tested using disc diffusion assay at three concentrations [1, 2 and 3 mg/disc]. Antinociceptive activity was determined by acetic acid induced and hot plate methods. The tested plant extracts revealed significant antinociceptive activity at dose dependent manner when measured by acetic acid induced method. The growth of all the tested microbes was inhibited by methanol, butanol, and ethyl acetate extracted samples at all concentrations. Chloroform, n-hexane and aqueous extracts inhibited the growth of the different microbes at high concentration. The most susceptible microbe was P. aeruginosa measuring 94% and 79% zone of inhibition by butanol and ethyl acetate extracts at 3mg /disc. C. fruendii, however, was the most resistant bacterium followed by S. aureus. The presence of alkaloids, proteins, amino acids, carbohydrates, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and fats were confirmed in phytochemical screening of different extracts

Impact of different solvent extracts from leaves and fruits of Eucalyptus globulus on growth of different bacteria and fungi

The present research investigates the antimicrobial activities of the samples extracted from the leaves and fruits of Eucalyptus globulus through disc diffusion susceptibility assay using 1, 2 and 3mg disc-1 concentrations. Different extracted samples from the leaves and fruits of Eucalyptus globulus exhibited different degrees of antimicrobial. The data indicated that n-butanol and ethyl acetate extracted fraction of both the leaves and fruits inhibited the growth of all microorganisms at all the tested concentrations. Aqueous extracted sample of the leaves inhibited the growth of Candida albicans while the same fraction from the fruits showed no activity against Bacillus subtilis at any concentration. N-hexane extracted samples of the leaves inhibited the growth of Bacillus subtilis, E. coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa at the tested concentrations while no activity was recorded against Klebsiella pneumonia, Candida albicans and Stephylococcus aureus. N-butanol extracted samples from the leaves and fruits showed activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa at the tested concentrations. In case of leaves, the most susceptible bacteria was Bacillus subtilis [gram positive] and Stephylococcus aureus [gram positive] was the most resistant one. In case of fruits the most susceptible bacteria was Stephylococcus aureus [gram positive] and E. coli [Gram negative] was the most resistant one

GC-MS profile of bioactive compounds from medicinally important Periploca hydaspidis

The aim of the present study was to investigate bioactive compounds in different solvent extracted samples from the stem tissues of P. hydaspidis using Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectroscopy techniques. GC-mass spectrum was compared with the data base of National Institute of Standards and Technology [NIST] containing more than 62000 patterns of the mass spectrum. During matching with NIST library the match factor greater than 700 was considered only for better and pure results. The results revealed that different solvent extracted samples analyzed through GC-MS contained appreciable quantities of different bioactive molecules including antibiotics, fatty acids and protein which have important pharmacological significance

Extraction and isolation of important bioactive compounds from the fruit of Physalis ixocarpa

The current study investigates pharmaceutically important bioactive compounds in the fruits of Physalis ixocarpa. Two different extractions methods were used to study its effect on percent extract yield, recovery of bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity of the extracts. The data indicated that Soxhlet extraction had high efficiency of recovery than maceration method for extracting compounds; percent extract yield and antioxidant activity of the extracts. In maceration, the percent extract yield was found to be in order of water >methanol >ethyl acetate whereas in Soxhlet extraction, it was in order of methanol >water >ethyl acetate. Ethyl acetate extract produced by Soxhlet extraction showed strong antioxidant activity of 59.7% [250ppm] as compared to other extracts. Analysis of ethyl acetate extract showed the presence of Triglyceride. GC-MS study of triglyceride revealed the presence of trilinoleinic acid [9,12Octadecdienoic acid], tripalmitin [hexadecanoic acid] and trioleinic acid [9-Octa decenoic acid]. Four impure and three pure compounds were isolated from crude methanol extract of the fruit. The structure of pure compounds were identified by NMR and characterized as sugar, glucose and fructose

In vitro antibacterial activity and phyto-chemistry of samples from the roots of Viola pilosa

Anti-microbial activity and phytochemical analysis of samples from the roots of Viola pilosa was studied against six strains of bacteria. Data indicated that the tested bacterial strain differed in its sensitivity to the root extracts of Viola pilosa. The results showed that Xanthomonas campestris, Bacillus subtilis and S. aureus were more susceptible to butanol extracted fraction. S. aureus was totally resistant to aqueous extracted fraction at all concentrations and .Xanthomonas campestris and Bacillus subtilis were least susceptible to the same fraction at 0.5 mg disc-1. Similarly, ethyl acetate at 2 mg disc-1 concentrations was effective against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli. Klebsiella pneumoniae was completely resistant to all the tested concentrations. Phytochemical analysis of the different solvent extracted samples suggested the presence or absence of different various metabolites including alkaloids, saponins, tannins, sterols, flavonoids, protein, carbohydrates and fats

Screening of Aerva javanica and Linum ustitatissimum for their antidiabetic and anti-oxidant activity

The present study investigates anti-diabetic and anti-oxidant potentials of the aerial parts of Aerva javanica and seeds of Linum ustitatissimum. Our results revealed that maximum antioxidant activity was found in hexane fractions of both plants. Linum ustitatissimum recorded maximum antioxidant value of 15.77mmol/L while Aerva javanica had antioxidant activity of 16.07mmol/L. Anti-diabetic activities were also evaluated using normal rats, induced diabetic [untreated] rats and treated diabetic rats. Aerva javanica revealed a significant potential in decreasing blood glucose level to 77.08mg/dl and body weight 76.30mg/kg while Linum ustitatissimum reduced blood glucose level to 84.20mg/dl and body weight 83.090mg/kg. From these results it can be concluded that both plants possesses antidiabetic and anti-oxidant activity

Antimicrobial, antioxidant potential and phytochemical screening of Fagonia olivieri

The present paper investigates antioxidant, antimicrobial and photochemical screening different extracts of Fagonia olivieri. Analysis of the data indicated that the subject plant contained a good amount of flavonoids, tannins, saponins, terpenoids and steroids. Maximum concentrations of phenolic compounds was found in methanol fraction [29.0+/-6.12 mg GAE/g] while minimum [22.10+/-6.31mg GAE/g] in methylated spirit fraction. Similarly, ethanol fraction contained higher concentration of flavonoid content [135.4+/-7.63mg Quercetin/g] followed by methanol fraction [138.4+/-2.96 mg Quercetin/g]. Analysis of the data revealed that maximum antioxidant activity was recorded in mthylated spirit fraction [IC[50]= 10.69+/-1.66] followed by methanol fraction [IC[50]= 9.10+/-0.76] while no activity was noted in hexane fraction. The data indicated good antibacterial and antifungal activity against S. typhi, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa and A. flavus

Screening of leaves extracts from Calamus aromaticus for their antimicrobial activity by disc diffusion assay

The current research investigates the anti-microbial activities of different solvent extracted samples from the leaves of Calamus aromaticus against Gram positive, Gram negative bacteria and fungi using 500, 1000 and 2000 micro g disc[-1] concentrations. Escherichia coli, Citorbacter freundii and Candida albicans showed resistivity to crude methanolic extract and the same microbes were more susceptible to water extracted fractions. Maximum activity was measured by hexane extracted fractions against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis and Xanthomonas campestris and minimum growth inhibition by water extracted fractions. Maximum growth of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus was measured by ethyl acetate fraction. Majority of the tested microbes were resistant to water and butanol extracted fractions. Staphylococcus aureus revealed maximum susceptibility among gram positive bacteria and Bacillus subtilis showed minimum. Among Gram negative bacteria, Citorbacter freundii was more susceptibile while Xanthomonas campestris revealed resistively

In vitro antibacterial and antifungal activities of different solvent extracted samples from the stem of Euphorbia heliscopia

This paper presents the anti-microbial potentials of methanol, ethyl acetate, n-hexane, butanol and water extracted samples from the stem of Euphorbia heliscopia against S. aureus [Gram positive], B. subtilis [Gram positive], P. aeruginosa [Gram negative], K. pneumonia [Gram negative], E. coli [Gram negative], C. albicans [fungal specie] by discs diffusion susceptibility assay using 0.5 and Img disc[+1] concentrations. Our results showed that all the extracted samples from the stem of E. heliscopia exhibited varying degree of antimicrobial activity. Ethyl acetate extracted samples measured maximum activity against the studies microbial species followed by the n-butanol and crude methanolic extract, n-hexane extracted samples inhibited the growth of all microbial species except P. aeruginosa and E. coli at lower concentration. Aqueous fractions showed inhibitory activity against B. subtilis, K. pneumonia and C. albicans. The most susceptible gram positive bacteria were S. aureus while B. subtilis was the most resistant one. Among Gram negative bacteria, P. aeruginosa showed more susceptibility while K. pneumonia was resistant

Characterization of pathogens involved in ventilator associated pneumonia in surgical and medical intensive care units - A single center experience

In the present study 60 samples were collected from lower respiratory tract of patients suffering from Ventilator Associated Pneumonia [VAP] admitted in surgical and medical Intensive Care Units [ICUs] of Khyber Teaching Hospital, Peshawar, Pakistan. Recovered pathogens were characterized and their susceptibility pattern against commonly used antibacterial agents investigated. Most frequent bacterial pathogen found was methicillin- resistant Staphylococcus aureus [MRSA] [40%] followed by members of Enterobacteriaceae [22%; of which Escherichia coll [50%], Klebsiella pneumonia [30%], Enterobacter cloacae [10%] and Citrobacter freundii [10%], Pseudomonas aeruginosa 20% and Acinetobacter baumannii 18%. Majority of the specimens yielded polymicrobial growth [85.75% polymicrobial growth compared to 14.25% specimens yielding monomicrobial growth]. The susceptibility pattern showed that A. baumannii was the most resistant bacterial pathogen. Based on the results of susceptibility pattern obtained in the present study, combination of linezolid with meropenem and colistin has been found to be the best combination option for empirical therapy for VAP pathogens in this region

In vitro activity of antimicrobial agents against streptococcus pyogenes isolated from different regions of Khyber Pakhtun Khwa Pakistan

The present study investigates the antibiotic resistance of S. pyogenes of 600 isolates collected from different body parts including throat and sputum were analyzed for their antimicrobial susceptibility to 5 antibiotics using the Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method. Based on different identification tests including, gram staining, beta hemolysis, catalase test and bacitracin sensitivity test, a total of 138 isolates were confirmed as S. pyogenes. The prevalence of S. pyogenes was 80% in sore throat and 29% in sputum samples. These isolates were further tested for antibiotics resistance using disk diffusion method. Out of 138 isolates, 49.27% isolates showed resistance towards cefixime, 28.98% towards cefotaxime and 17.39% towards ciprofloxacin, 17.39% towards ampicillin, 17.39% towards erythromycin, 15.94% towards streptomycin, 0.724% isolates towards chloromphenicol and 0% towards penicillin. Among the resistant isolates of S. pyogenes, 60.71% showed resistance towards cefixime, 57.14% towards ciprofloxacin, 57.14% towards streptomycin, 50% towards erythromycin and 25% towards cefotaxime

In vitro antimicrobial activities of different solvent extracted samples from Iris germinica

Antibacterial and antifungal activities of different solvents extracted samples of Iris germinica were carried out through disc diffusion assay. For this purpose five different solvent extracts were prepared with two concentrations [1 and 2 mg disc[-1]] and their antimicrobial activity was tested using disc diffusion assay against eight pathogenic bacteria viz. Staphylococcus aureus, B. subtilis, Bacillus atrophaeus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Erwinia carotovara, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella typhi and one fungal specie [Candida albicans]. Butanol and ethyl acetate fraction were more effective to control the growth of different pathogens followed by chloroform, hexane and aqueous fractions respectively. C. albicans, S. aureus E. carotovara, B. atrophaeus and E. coli were comparatively susceptible inhibited by all extracts of I. germinica compared with the rest of microbes. Maximum activity was shown by ethyl acetate extracted samples against B. atrophaeus followed by the same solvent against E. carotovara. Butanol extracted samples were effective against B. subtilis showing 62% reduction in growth at 1 or 2mg disc[-1] concentration. From these results it can be concluded that different solvent extracted samples from the leaves of I. germinica possess varying degree of antimicrobial against different micro-organisms and can be a good sources of antibiotics for the treatment of certain bacterial and fungal diseases

Antimicrobial potentials and phytochemical analysis of desert cotton [A. Javanica] and flax [L. Ustitatissimum]

The present study reveals antimicrobial potentials and phytochemical analysis of A. javanica and L. ustitatissimum. Phytochemical analysis indicated that the tested plants contained a substantial amount of flavonoids, terpenoids and steroids while saponins and tannins were absent in L. ustitatissimum, however, tannins were present in A. javanica. L. ustitatissimum contained maximum total phenolic content of 166.36mg/g in methylated spirit fraction while its ethyl acetate fraction contained highest quantity of flavonoids 27.6mg/g in case of Aerva javanica. Antimicrobial potentials of the subject plants revealed that L. ustitatissimum had maximum antibacterial activity [MIC=4.33microg/ml] while A. javanica was most effective against fungal strains [MIC=2.66 microg/ml]

Antioxidant activity and nutritional assessment of under-utilized medicinal plants

The present study investigates the nutritive and anti-nutritive composition of six species [Allium porrum, Amaranthus spinosis, Apium graveolens, Caralluma edulis, Chenopodium album, Urtica dioica]. The studied species contained considerable amount of crude protein [4.53-11.41%], crude fat [1.25-3.74%], vitamin C [7.85-28.09mg 100[-1]g] and beta-Carotene [18.29-169.33mg 100]-1]g]. The mineral profile of Chenopodium album is considered as potential source of Zn [14.51 +/- 1.14mg 100[-1]g], Mn [67.71 +/- 0.85mg 100[-1]g], Se [8.45 +/- 0.49mg 100[-1]g] and Fe [182.08 +/- 1.52mg 100[-1]g] and Caralluma edulis as potential source of Fe [7.28 +/- 0.03mg 100[-1]g]. Ca and P content ranged 63-306mg 100[-1] g and 12-392mg 100[-1] g in all studied plants with exceptionally high level was found in Chenopodium album [1084mg 100[-1]g] and [3924mg 100[-1]g], respectively. Similarly, total phenol, tannin and phytic acid were found in the range of 105-354, 5-90 and 10-85mg 100[-1]g, respectively. Total oxalates and soluble oxalates contents were below 200mg 100[-1]g in five examined plants with the exception of Chenopodium album [413mg 100[-1]g]. Antioxidant activity of Caralluma edulis was found maximum while the rest of the examined plants had moderate levels

Antimicrobial potentials of different solvent extracted samples from Physalis ixocarpa

The present study investigates the antimicrobial activities of different solvent extracted samples isolated from different parts of Physalis ixocarpa through disc diffusion assay using three different concentrations. Statistical analysis of the data revealed that different parts of the plant showed varying degree of inhibition against different bacteria at different concentrations. Different solvent extracted samples from the calyx showed inhibitory activity against most of the bacteria under study. Extracts from leaf and fruit samples showed activity against S. aureus and K. pneumoniae and extracts from the stem tissues were effective to control the growth of E. coli and K. pneumoniae. Crude methanolic extract from the stem and n-butanol extracted samples from fruit exhibited strong inhibitory activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae at highest concentrations. Antifungal activity was observed only in crude methanol extract from the leaf against Rhizopus stolinifer, Aspergillus niger and Penicillium chrysogenum

Antimicrobial potentials of Catharanthus roseus by disc diffusion assay

The present research work investigates the in vitro antimicrobial activity of different solvent extracted samples from the aerial parts [stem, leaf, fruit and flower] of C. roseus against different microbial species using disc diffusion assay at two different concentrations of 1 and 2 mg disc-1. Hexane extracted samples inhibited the growth of all tested microbial strains except S. typhi. Similarly, ethyl acetate extracted samples was effective to control the activity of all the tested microbial strains. E. coli and S. typhi showed resistance to chloroform extracted samples and the remaining eight microbial strains were susceptible to the same extract. Butanol extracted samples did not inhibit the growth of K. pneumoniaandS. typhi at low concentration, however, at higher concentration the same extract reduced the growth of different microbes. Methanol extracted samples effectively controlled the growth of all tested microbes at both concentrations except for S. typhi. Water extracted samples did not inhibit the growth at low concentration except E. coli, K. pneumoniaandS. aureus and were ineffective against P. aeroginosa at both concentration. C. albicans, showed resistance against chloroform and water extracted samples at low concentration and susceptible to other solvent extracted samples at both concentration. All fractions were effective against plant pathogens i.e. E. carotovoraandA. tumefaciens